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  Frequently Asked Questions  
     
 
What is Rehabilitation?
What are the phases of Rehabilitation process?
What self-care skills do the ADLs include?
What are the most commonly used functional instruments?
What is Impairment?
What do you mean by Disability?
Explain who is a Handicap?
WHAT ARE MOBILITY AIDS?
What is an Orthosis?
What is a Prosthesis?
What is a Splint?
What is Schizophrenia?
What is Paraplegia?
What is Tardive Dyskinesia?
What are the types of balance reactions?
What are cool-down exercises?
What are the role of agonist, antagonist and synergistic muscles in accomplishing joint motion?
What are the 3 types of muscle contraction?
Name the major ligaments of the spine?
What are the parts of the intervertebral disc?
Which is the commonest type of disc protrusion?
What is Spondylolisthesis?
Name the major musles producing spine motion?
Which is the first and the last bone to ossify/which is the only horizontally placed bone in the human body?
Name the rotator cuff muscles?
What are the two major “crutch –walking” muscles of the shoulder?
Which carpal bones are most frequently injured?
At what joint(s) does most of the pronation and supination of the foot occur?
Which nerve of the foot is homologous to the median nerve in the hand?
Which structures constitute the Brain stem?
Where does the spinal cord end?
What are the layers of the meninges of the spinal cord?
What do you mean “Horse-tail” in the Spinal cord and where do you find the cauda equina?
What are the major motor pathways to the extremities?
Name three major sensory pathways in the spinal cord.
Name the mixed Cranial nerves?
What are the two pigmented areas of the brainstem?
What is the Edinger-Westphal nucleus?
What is an Argyll-Robertson pupil?
What is the function of Cranial nerve 7?
What type of nerve fibers are found in anterior(ventral) nerve roots?
Which roots comprise the brachial plexus?
hich nerve is commonly affected in shoulder dislocations or fractures of the humerus?
What is Thoracic Outlet Syndrome(TOS)?
What motor functions are impaired by peripheral nerve injuries in the upper extremity?
What motor functions are impaired by peripheral nerve injuries in the lower extremity?
What is meralgia paraesthetica?
What are the functions of the frontal lobe?
What are the functions of the parietal lobe?
What are the functions of the temporal lobe?
What are the functions of the occipital lobe?
 
     
     
 
What is Rehabilitation?
Rehabilitation is the utilisation of the existing capacities of the the handicapped person, by the combined and co-ordinated use of medical, social, educational and vocational measures to the optimum level of his functional ability.
 
     
 
 
     
 
What are the phases of Rehabilitation process?
It involves Evaluation, Treatment phase for arrest  of pathophysiologic process, Focussing phase on organ performance, Task reacquisition and  Environmental Modification
 
     
 
 
     
 
What self-care skills do the ADLs include?
Eating, Grooming (e.g., brushing teeth, combing hair, shaving, applying makeup), bathing, dressing, and personal hygeine(e.g., toileting). Bathing and dressing can be divided into upper body and lower-body management.
 
     
 
 
     
 
What are the most commonly used functional instruments?
Functional Independence Measure(FIM) and Patient Evaluation and Conference system(PECS)
 
     
 
 
     
 
What is Impairment?
Any loss or abnormality of psychological, physiological, or anatomical structure or function.e.g., loss of finger,loss of conduction of impulses in the heart, or loss of certain chemicals in the brain leading to Parkinsonism.
 
     
 
 
     
 
What do you mean by Disability?
Any restriction or lack resulting from impairment, of ability to perform an activity in the manner or within the range considered normal for a human being.e.g., difficulty in walking after lower limb amputation.
 
     
 
 
     
 
Explain who is a Handicap?
A disadvantage for a given individual resulting from an impairment or a disability that limits or prevents the fulfillment of a role that is normal (depending on the age, sex, social and cultural factors) for that individual.
 
     
 
 
     
 
WHAT ARE MOBILITY AIDS?
Mobility aids are appliances used to help people who have difficulty in walking.
 
     
 
 
     
 
What is an Orthosis?
Orthosis is an appliance fixed to any part of the body to maintian the body parts/joints in a normal functional position/alignment.
 
     
 
 
     
 
What is a Prosthesis?
It is an artificial substitute used for a lost/amputated limb.
 
     
 
 
     
 
What is a Splint?
Splint is a special type of orthosis fitted externally to maintain or improve the function of the part.It may be static or dynamic.
 
     
 
 
     
 
What is Schizophrenia?
It is a psychiatric disability, which can be defined as deficits in cognitive, emotional and psychomotor skills, which impairs social and occupational functioning.
 
     
 
 
     
 
What is Paraplegia?
Paraplegia is partial or complete paralysis of lower limbs due to spinal cord lesions at thoracic, lumbar and sacral segments.
 
     
 
 
     
 
What is Tardive Dyskinesia?
Tardive Dyskinesia is a syndrome of abnormal involuntary movements which develop in people taking dopamine receptor blocking drugs.
 
     
 
 
     
 
What are the types of balance reactions?
They are of 3 types namely Righting reactions, Equilibrium reactions and Balance reactions.
 
     
 
 
     
 
What are cool-down exercises?
These are exercises, which are practiced by athletes to decrease muscle soreness and stiffness.
 
     
 
 
     
 
What are the role of agonist, antagonist and synergistic muscles in accomplishing joint motion?
AGONIST-Prime mover which can cause a specifif joint motion.For eg., the biceps brachii contracts to cause elbow flexion
ANTAGONIST -Any muscle that can produce a motion oppoosite to the specific agonist motion.For eg., triceps brachii is an antagonist to elbow flexion.
SYNERGIST -These muscles  normally contract to remove unwanted actions of agonists or to stabilize other (usually more proximal) joints. For eg., during elbow flexion by the biceps brachii, the forearm pronators contract to remove the undesirable supination which the biceps would produce.
 
     
 
 
     
 
What are the 3 types of muscle contraction?
1. Shortening ,concentric,or isotonic contraction,
2. Isometric or static contraction, ands
3. Lengthening or eccentric contraction.
 
     
 
 
     
 
Name the major ligaments of the spine?
Anterior longitudinal ligament, Posterior longitudinal ligament, Ligamentum flava and Interspinous and supraspinous ligaments.
 
     
 
 
     
 
What are the parts of the intervertebral disc?
It consists of a peripheral, laminated, fibrocartilaginous ANNULUS FIBROSUS  and a central, gel-like NUCLEUS PULPOSUS.
 
     
 
 
     
 
Which is the commonest type of disc protrusion?
Postero-lateral
 
     
 
 
     
 
What is Spondylolisthesis?
It is the forward slippage of the upper vertebra on the lower vertebra.
 
     
 
 
     
 
Which is the first and the last bone to ossify/which is the only horizontally placed bone in the human body?
Clavicle
 
     
 
 
     
 
What are the two major “crutch –walking” muscles of the shoulder?
Pectoralis major and latissimus dorsi
 
     
 
 
     
 
At what joint(s) does most of the pronation and supination of the foot occur?
Pronation(eversion) and Supination(inversion) of the foot occurs in the subtalar joint
 
     
 
 
     
 
Which structures constitute the Brain stem?
Midbrain,Pons and the Medulla.
 
     
 
 
     
 
What are the layers of the meninges of the spinal cord?
Duramater,Arachnoidmater and Piamater.
 
     
 
 
     
 
What are the major motor pathways to the extremities?
Corticospinal tract, Rubrospinal  tract,
Tectospinal tract, Reticulospinal tract and Vestibulospinal tract.
 
     
 
 
     
 
Name the mixed Cranial nerves?
Oculomotor(3),Trochlear(4),Trigeminal(5),Facial(7),Vestibulococchlear(8),Glossopharyngeal (9)and Vagus(10)
 
     
 
 
     
 
What is the Edinger-Westphal nucleus?
It is the parasympathetic nucleus of the third cranial nerve in the midbrain.
 
     
 
 
     
 
What is the function of Cranial nerve 7?
Ø It innervates the muscles of facial expression;
Ø Supplies parasympathetic fibers to the lacrimal, submandibular, and sublingual glands;
Ø Receives taste information from the anterior two-thirds of the tongue; and
Ø Receives a minor sensory input  from the skin of the external ear.
 
     
 
 
     
 
Which roots comprise the brachial plexus?
The brachial plexus contains the ventral rami of C 5,6,7,8 and T1.
 
     
 
 
     
 
What is Thoracic Outlet Syndrome(TOS)?
This is a syndrome,usually caused by an extra cervical rib that compresses the medial cord of  the brachial plexus and the axillary artery, results in tingling and numbness in the medial aspect of the arm, along  with decreased upper extremity pulses.
 
     
 
 
     
 
What motor functions are impaired by peripheral nerve injuries in the lower extremity?
Femoral nerve(L2-4)- Knee extension, hip flexion and knee jerk
Obturator nerve(L2-4)-Hip adduction 
Sciatic nerve (L4-S3)-Knee flexion plus other functions along its branches , the tibial and common peroneal nerves
Tibial nerve(L4-S3)-Foot inversion, ankle plantar flexion and ankle jerk
Common peroneal nerve(L4-S2)-Foot eversion, ankle and toes dorsiflexion
 
     
 
 
     
 
What are the functions of the frontal lobe?
Control of voluntary movement on the opposite of the body,Broca's area responsible for speech, control of complex behavioural and executive activities.
 
     
 
 
     
 
What are the functions of the temporal lobe?
Audition,ability to read and write.
 
     
 
 
     
 
List of Rehabilitation Institutions / Centres
NATIONAL INSTITUTIONS WORKING IN THE FIELD OF REHABILITATION
  • AMAR SEVA SANGAM, TIRUNELVELI
  • AMBIKA SISHU KENDRA, KURNOOL, ANDHRA PRADESH
  • ANBAGAM, NAGAPATTINAM
  • ANUGRAHA SCHOOL FOR THE MENTALLY RETARDED, PERAMBUR
  • ASHA NIKETAN, KADAMBATHUR, THIRUVALLUR
  • BHARATHA MATHA FAMILY WELFARE ASSOCIATION, THIRUVARUR
  • BLIND PEOPLE'S ASSOCIATION , AHMEDABAD
  • CLARKE SCHOOL FOR THE DEAF, CHENNAI
  • COOR-VOLUNTARY ORGANIZATION, VANGAL, THIRUVALLUR
  • C.S.I. DAY CARE CENTRE, KODUNGAIYUR
  • CSI SCHOOL FOR THE MENTALLY RETARDED, VIRUDHUNAGAR
  • ECOM-WELL VOLUNTARY ORGANIZATION, PUTLORE VILLAGE, THIRUVALLUR
  • E.S.I. CHURCH TAILORING INSTITUTE, MANALI, THIRUVALLUR
  • GOOD LIFE CENTER FOR THE DISABLE CHILDREN, MINJUR, THIRUVALLUR
  • GOD SMARITAN SCHOOL FOR SPEECH AND HEARING, CHENNAI
  • GOVERNMENT DEAF SCHOOL,TANJORE
  • G.V.SCHOOL FOR THE HANDICAPPED,CUDDALORE
  • HELEN KELLER SERVICE SOCIETY FOR THE DISABLED, MADURAI
  • HOLY CROSS SERVICE SOCIETY, THIRUCHIIRAPALLI
  • INDIAN RED CROSS SOCIETY,TANJORE
  • INSTITUTE OF COMMUINITY DEVELOPMENT, KANCHEEPURAM
  • INTEGRATED EDUCATION FOR THE VISUALLY IMPAIRED, MADURAI
  • INTEGRATED WOMEN'S DEVELOPMENT INSTITUTE, VILLIVAKKAM
  • JAIN NAVAYUVAK MANDAL, VELLORE
  • JOHN VASU ORPHANAGE, PUZHAL
  • KANYAKUMARI RURAL DEVELOPMENT SOCIETY, KANYAKUMARI
  • KEELOTTIVAKKAM GRAMA SNAGEM, KEELOTTIVAKKAM VILLAGE, KANCHEEPURAM
  • LIFE AID CENTER FOR SPEECH AND HEARING, MANAVALA NAGAR, THIRUVALLUR
  • LITTLE FLOWER SCHOOL FOR THE BLIND, CHENNAI
  • MOTHER INDIRA SOCIAL AND EDUCATIONAL SERVICES SOCIETY, TANJORE
  • MEDICAL RESEARCH FOUNDATION, CHENNAI
  • NANBARGAL NARPANI MANDRAM, NANGANALLUR
  • NATIONAL ASSOCIATION FOR THE BLIND, NEW DELHI
  • PEOPLE'S ASSOCIATION FOR INTERNATIONAL INTEGRATION, CHENNAI
  • PEOPLE'S CRAFT TRAINING CENTRE, TIRUVANNAMALAI
  • P.M.K. EDUCATIONAL AND SOCIAL WELFARE TRUST
  • PREPARE, SRIPERUMBJDUR, KANCHEEPURAM
  • PUTHUYIR SCHOOL FOR THE MENTALLY RETARDED, SEMBIUM
  • RAMAKRISHNA MISSION VIDYALAYA, COIMBATORE
  • RASTEMA VIKAS, TANJORE
  • RED CROSS SOCIETY, CHENNAI
  • RURAL EDCUATION FOR COMMUNITY ORGANISATION
  •         A.AMMA ILLAM
  •         B.SOUTHERN REHABILITATION SOCIETY FOR THE BLIND
  • SCHIFFELIN LEPROSY RESEARCH AND TRAINING CENTRE, VELLORE
  • SPASTICS SOCIETY OF THIRUCHIRAPALLI
  • SRI PUSHPAM  BALWADI EDUCATIONAL SOCIETY
  • ST.JOSEPH'S INTEGRATED SPECIAL SCHOOL, DHARMAPURI
  • ST. LOUIS SCHOOL FOR THE BLIND, CHENNAI
  • SWEDISH MISSION HOSPITAL, SIVAGANGA
  • TAMILNADU ASSOCIATION FOR THE BLIND, CHENNAI
  • TAMILNADU ASSOCIATION FOR THE WELFARE OF PHYSICALLY HANDICAPPED, CHENNAI
  • TAMILNADU STUDENT WELFARE SOCIETY, TANJORE
  • THE NATIONAL INSTITUTE FOR THE MENTALLY HANDICAPPED-SECUNDERABAD 
  • THE POOR UPLIFT ORGANISATION
  • THE SPASTICS SOCIETY OF EASTERN INDIA, CALCUTTA
  • THE SPASTICS SOCIETY OF KARNATAKA, BANGALORE
  • THE SOCIETY FOR RELIEF AND REHABILITATION FOR THE DISABLED, BHAVNAGAR, GUJARAT
  • THE TOWN HALL, ARAKONAM, VELLORE
  • VIKLANG SEWA BHARATHI, MADHYA PRADESH 
  • WOMEN'S ORGANIZATION, PERAMBAKKAM, THIRUVALLUR
  • WORLD VISION, KOTTAKARAI, GUMMIDIPUNDI, THIRUVALLUR
  • WORTH TRUST, KATPADI